(TG): Ethers!

ETHERS!

• An ether consists of 2 chains that are separated by a single O in the middle
• Name both chains with the -yl ending and then end it with ether
• So, methyl ethyl ether
• or, propyl ethly ether

EXAMPLES: Name these!

propyl methyl ether

    dimethyl ether


DRAW THESE! 


diethyl ether: 











butyl methyl ether

 


 good job!

(TG): The Lab!

The Lab

Today in class we did a lab on esters!

The lab consisted of mixing a carboxylic acid, and an alchohol and in the end we would get an ester that smelled like spearmint! (the gun) 

The first step  was to mix the acid and the alcohol, then what we had to do was put the mixture in a hot water mixture so that the 2 mixtures could bond.

After waiting for 15 minutes, we took the  mixture out and left it in a cold water beaker for 2 minutes.

Finally, the resulting mixture smelled like spearmint!

The other smells we could have done were raspberry, or orange but when we tried them, the smell was very hard to distinguish!

(TG) Carboxylic Acids, Alcohols and Esters!

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

•  A functional group formed by a doubled bonded O and an OH at the end of a Carbon chain
• Standard rules apply to naming, but change the parent chain ending to -oic acid
• The simplest carboxylic acid is methanoic acid
• 

Examples! Name these compounds: 

            (ethanoic acid, or commonly known as acetic acid.)




     (butanoic, or butyric acid)

Now, draw THESE compounds:

Propanoic acid:  









Pentanoic acid:

Now heres an extra tricky carboxylic acid that every chemist should know:

Benzenoic Acid:






 Great job! Now you're a pro... So lets move on to alcohols.... (dont get TOO excited high school students)

ALCOHOLS

• Alcohols are the functional group that contain OH's as side chains
• There can be OH's on any part of the side chain
• There can be multiple OH's coming off the main chain, and when this happens you use the prefixes di tri tetra etc. (example) methadiol, butatriol etc
• All standard naming rules apply!

Methanol:













Now here are some examples for you try out!: NAME THESE ALCOHOLS:

    Ethanol



                   Ethanediol



DRAW THESE:


propanetriol: 




butanediol:





Here again is a super tricky one when benzene becomes an alcohol!

PHENOL:








great work... now lets move on to our final topic ESTERS!

ESTERS!

• Esters first off, are not to be confused with ethers.
• An ester has 2 chains separated by an O, and then one chain right next to the O has a double bonded O on the first C
• Esters are formed when you add carboxylic acids and alcohols together but we'll get into that after we do the basics
• Name the chain without the double bonded O with an -yl ending, and the one with the double O with an -oate ending.

Methyl Methanoate:

Now that you've seen what it looks like, go ahead and name these:

      methyl ethanoate


  ethyl ethanoate



Draw these!

propyl ethanoate:




ethyl propanoate:




\








and finally, the finale. ESTERFICATION: when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol mix!








Here is a basic explanation. The 2 H's and O form water, and the remainder form the Ester!
Now do these esterfication processes!






   GOOD JOB GUYS!

Amines & Amides

• Amines are funtion groups that contain a Nitrogen compound bonded to either Hydrogens or Carbons
  
  
  - Primary amines have 1 carbon chain
  - Secondary Amines have 2 carbon chains
  - Tertiary amines have 3 carbon chains

EXAMPLES:

 Methylamine

Pentylamine

Amides:

• Amides are functional groups with CONH3
  
  
• Name the alkyl (carbon) chain and add -amide ending
• The simplest amide is ethanamide
  
  Ethanamide

Alicyclics & Aromatics

• Carbon chains can form two types of closed loops
• Alicyclics are loops usually made with single bonds
• If the parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply with one addition

Cyclopentane

• There are three different ways to draw organic compounds

Condensed Structural Diagram

Complete Structural Diagram

Line Diagram

• Numbering can start anywhere and go clockwise and counterclockwise on the loop but side chain numbers must be the lowest possible

EXAMPLES:
 1,1 dimethyl cyclobutane

1,3 diethyl cyclohexane

• Loops can also be a sidechain
• Same rules apply but the side chain is given a cyclo-prefix
  
  2 cyclobutane octane
  or
  2 methyl 3 cyclopropyl 1 pentene

Aromatics:

• Benzene (C6H6) is a cyclic hydrocarbon with unique bonds between the carbon atoms
  Structurally it can be drawn with alternating double bonds
  
  
  
  or with a circle in the middle
  
  

(TG) ALKANES

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - ALKANES

• Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
• Carbon will form multiple covalent bonds
• Carbon compounds can form chain rings or branches
• There are less than 100000 non organic compounds
• Organic compounds number more than 17 000 000
• The simplest organic compounds are made of Carbon and hydrogen

 When naming an organic compound take the longest chain of carbon that are connected.

 C - C - C - C - C    5 carbon chain - PENTANE
\
Use prefixes to name the carbon chains:

1 - meth
2 - eth
3- pro
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec

when dealing with Alkanes the ending will always be a preffix + ane.   (ie. propane, decane, methane etc)


EXAMPLES!


Here are some very basic alkanes, can you name them?

 C - C  = Ethane
C - C - C - C  = Butane
C = Methane

Now as mentioned before, organic chemistry deals with Carbons AND HYDROGENS. So whenever you see an open valence electron on a carbon, pair it with a hyrdrogen. (Carbon can make 4 bonds)

EXAMPLES!

Methane - CH(4)

Butane - CH(3) - CH(2) - CH(2) - CH(4)

Now moving on to the final piece of information dealing with organic compounds. When a compound has a normal chain, with several smaller ones sticking out of it, you name the side chain with the same prefixes but then add the ending - yl. Also you number the chains from left to right, and put the number of the side chain next to the prefix, AND, your side chains have to add up to be the lowest possible number.


EXAMPLES!

 C - C - C - C - C     2 methyl  pentane
                   C



Also, when there is multiple chains of the same number use prefixes such as:

di
tri
tetra
etc

Examples:

C - C - C -C            2, 3 dimethyl butane
      C   C


C - C - C - C -C      2 ethyl pentane
      C
      C

(NR) KETONES

- A ketone is a hydrocarbon chain with a double bonded oxygen that is NOT on either end.

- still follow the standard rules and add "-ONE" to the parent chain.

EX:
draw the following organic chemicals!

4,4 dibromo 6 floro 2,3 dimethyl 3 hexanone

3 ethyl 5,1 difloro 2 phenyl octone

name the following organic chemicals!

 

ALDEHYDES

- an aldehyde is a compound that has a double bonded oxygen at the end of the chain.

- the simplest aldehyde is methanal.

- follow the standard rules and change the parent chain ending to "-AL"
   *** BE CAREFUL WHEN NAMING ALDEHYDES AND ALCOHOLS.

EX:
draw the following:
1,2,3,4 tetraethyl 1 pentyl nonanal

2,4 dichloro 1,5 dimethyl hexanal

name the following: